Rating how likely a study's methods are to have distorted its results.
Risk-of-bias grading is a structured appraisal of a study's design, conduct, and reporting (e.g. randomisation, blinding, allocation concealment, attrition, selective reporting) to judge how much its findings might be skewed by systematic error rather than true effect. Common tools include the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, typically yielding ratings such as low, some concerns/moderate, or high risk. Grading criteria and thresholds vary by tool and reviewer judgement, so ratings should be read as a structured expert opinion rather than an objective measurement.
This guide was auto-drafted and is pending editorial review.