A study design where the same participants are measured multiple times under different conditions.
In a repeated-measures design, each participant is exposed to two or more conditions (or measured at multiple time points), and their own scores are compared across those conditions rather than comparing separate groups of people. This increases statistical power and controls for between-person variability (e.g. anthropometrics, training history), but requires accounting for order effects, carryover, and within-subject correlation in the analysis (e.g. repeated-measures ANOVA or mixed models). It is distinct from a between-subjects (parallel-group) design, and the two are sometimes combined in mixed factorial designs.
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